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Haemophilus influenzae
''Haemophilus influenzae'' (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or ''Bacillus influenzae'') is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the ''Pasteurellaceae'' family. ''H. influenzae'' was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. The bacterium was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933 when the viral etiology of influenza became apparent, and is still colloquially known as 'bacterial influenza'. ''H. influenzae'' is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections. This species was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced.〔() About the J. Craig Venter Institute, J. Craig Venter Institute website, retrieved November 21, 2015〕 The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.
==Serotypes==
In 1930, two major categories of ''H. influenzae'' were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated ''H. influenzae'': a, b, c, d, e, and f.
Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes; however, they can be classified by multilocus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of ''H. influenzae'' infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the nonimmune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive; they can, however, produce an inflammatory response in humans, which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection, but does not prevent infection with NTHi strains.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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